By S.S. Miththapala and Sarah Tam
With the tourism boom in the recent post-war period of Sri Lanka, there has been a considerable growth in the small and medium enterprise (SME) segment of accommodation providers. This growth has been possible primarily due the strong presence of online travel operators (OTAs) through whom these SMEs market their units. This paper endeavours to present the impact the global OTAs have on the SME segment in a select area and its overall impact for the Sri Lankan tourism industry.
After the cessation of civil hostilities in 2009 in Sri Lanka, tourism has made great strides, with arrivals recording a double-digit year-on-year growth. From a mere 438,475 arrivals in 2009, Sri Lanka’s arrivals surpassed 2.0 million in 2016 (Sri Lanka Tourism Development Authority (SLTDA) 2016 Statistical Report), more than a 400 percent increase over seven years. Foreign exchange earnings from tourism also reached a record US $ 3.5 billion, becoming the third largest foreign exchange earning sector of the national economy, after foreign remittances (US $ 7.2 billion) and textiles and garments (US $ 4.9 billion). (SLTDA 2016)
In keeping with this demand, there have been large-scale hotel developments taking place in the country, with the current room stock tourist hotels (classified/unclassified and boutique hotels) increasing by 2,960 rooms in 2016, from a total of 19,376 in 2015 to 22,336 in 2016. (SLTDA 2016)
As is typical in an Asian environment, outside this formal sector there are a number of informal operators, who provide tourism services, primarily providing basic accommodation services, mainly in some of the more popular tourism destination areas of the island. There is no reliable available information available about this segment.
However, there appears to be a growing demand from visitors for these cheaper accommodation providers who offer a more authentic experience. In fact, in a recent study published, it was estimated that over 50 percent of all arrivals to Sri Lanka are patronizing this informal sector. (Miththapala S.S. www.academia.edu/34154607 2017)
There is no doubt that the ability of these informal establishments to reach out and market themselves on their own has been solely due to the emergence of OTAs such as Agoda, Booking.com, TripAdvisor et.al. It appears that there is a preponderance of these informal establishments marketing themselves through these large-scale OTA aggregators.
Choice of study area
One of the more popular areas within the Central Cultural area of Sri Lanka comprises of Habarana, Dambulla and Sigiriya, where over the past few years there has been a veritable ‘explosion’ of these informal accommodation providers cropping up almost ‘at every corner of a street’.
Hence, it was felt that studying the extent of penetration of the OTAs featuring accommodation providers in this area, would yield some valuable insights into the SME sector’s impact on tourism in this area.
Prevailing classification of SL’s accommodation sector
- Graded establishments are categorized by the SLTDA as conventional star-class hotels and boutique hotels.
- Supplementary establishments are the smaller guest houses and home-stay units (so-called SME sector), who are registered with the SLTDA.
Over and above this, there is another totally unregulated sector, which will be termed as informal establishments. They are the smaller ‘Mom & Pop’ BB home-stay units (so-called ‘real informal’ sector), which are ‘not’ registered with the SLTDA and operating completely outside the jurisdiction of any authority.
Hence, the total SME sector should really be the registered ‘supplementary establishments’ with the SLTDA plus the real informal unregulated sector. (See Graph 1)
The total no of the SLTDA-registered ‘graded’ hotels in 2016 was 382 with a room stock of 22,336, while the supplementary accommodation units were 1,558, accounting for 11,535 rooms. On this basis, the total room stock of registered establishments is 33,871. (See Table 1)
SLTDA ‘presence’ in study area
Analysis of the SLTDA-approved accommodation units by location for the specific areas of the study is revealed in Table 2.
It is seen that the larger proportion of registered establishments are in the Sigiriya and Dambulla areas.
When compared to the total number of accommodation providers registered with the SLTDA islandwide, of 382, the percentage located in the study area of Sigiriya, Dambulla and Habrana (65) is 17 percent.
Choice of sample OTA for study
Agoda, TripAdvisor and Booking.com are three of the most commonly used OTA platforms for domestic and international tourism. Booking.com is typically considered as the largest OTA platform with approximately 1,408,202 listings in 212 countries. (See Table 3)
In the study area, Agoda has a marginal advantage over Booking.com in terms of the number of properties listed online. Overall, the number of properties listed on Agoda and Booking.com are similar. Despite TripAdvisor showing the most properties in Sigiriya, Dambulla and Habarana, the researchers found several property duplicates among the three locations as well as missing information such as price and contact information.
As such, Agoda was chosen as the primary OTA with a sample size of 463 properties.
Analysis of Agoda listings for study
Type of property
The Agoda listings were divided for analysis based on the property type. (See Table 4)
A limitation of the study is that the type of property is selected independently by property owners so this breakdown is not a true reflection of official property types used by the SLTDA. For example, not all the hotels listed in Sigiriya on Agoda are a true representation of hotels by the traditional sense (number of rooms, staff, standards, etc).
Another limitation is that each location had many smaller subcategories including tents and apartments because of the inconsistency of these property types between the three locations, as well as the lack of properties per listing type (i.e. tents and apartments), these listings were grouped together as misc.
Despite the limitations, the following inferences can be made:
- Sigiriya has the highest number of OTA property listings on Agoda. This is likely because of its proximity to tourist attractions (Sigiriya Rock and Pidurangala Rock)
- Habarana has the least number of OTA property listings on Agoda. This is likely because of its proximity to Dambulla Cave Temples, Sigiriya Rock and Pidurangala Rock – but lack of popular attractions in Habarana itself. The number of listings in Sigiriya is double the number of listings available in Habarana.
- If we assume that guesthouses, BBs and home-stays are also listed under Hotels on Agoda.com, then we can conclude that the number of guesthouses, BBs and home-stays is significantly higher than the number of hotels and speciality lodging in each of the three locations.
- The number of the SLTDA-approved listings in each of the three locations ranges from 11.5 percent to 17 percent. Sigiriya has the largest number of the SLTDA- approved listings but because of the number of properties available, particularly BBs, guesthouses and home-stays, the percentage of the SLTDA-approved properties is low. A temporal analysis may be helpful to see when these listings were established to determine whether the number of properties is still increasing, at its peak, or plateaued.
- Of the 463 Agoda listings in the study area, only 68 properties (14.7 percent) are the SLTDA approved. (See Graph 2)
- Further research should be done to compare the number of the SLTDA-approved properties in Sigiriya-Dambulla-Habarana to other major tourist hubs such as Galle, Colombo and Kandy. This will help determine whether the number of the SLTDA-approved properties to available listings on OTAs is high or low.
Price analysis
For the purpose of this exercise, an arbitrary scale of pricing categories was set as in Table 5.
Based on this categorization, all 463 Agoda listings were categorized. (See Table 6)
Within the study area, 81 of OTA listings are considered low price whereas 12 percent and 7 percent are considered mid and high priced. Sigiriya and Dambulla had the highest percentage of low priced establishments, 85 percent and 82 percent, respectively. (See Graph 3)
Based on this pricing analysis, it is evident that most of properties in the Sigiriya-Dambulla-Habarana area are considered low-cost and are therefore most likely guesthouses, BBs and home-stays. As such, small-scale accommodation establishments are highly concentrated in this area.
However, a limitation of this study is the seasonality.
Sri Lanka has a high season and low season in the tourism industry. The OTA prices for these listings were extracted from October. It is unsure whether these prices would change if the dates were to change as well.
Conclusions
- The study area of Sigriya/Dambulla/Habranahas 17 percent of all the SLTDA-registered accommodation providers.
- After allowing for duplications, TripAdvisor has 583 properties in the study area listed, while Agoda has 463, and Booking Dotcom has 418.
- The largest listings on Agoda was from the Sigiriya area (218) followed by Dambulla (141) and Habrana (104).
- Of the 218 listings in Sigiriya, only 15 percent are registered with the SLTDA.
- Of the 114 listings in Dambulla, only 17 percent are registered with the SLTDA.
- Of the 104 listings in Habrana, only 12 percent are registered with the SLTDA.
- For the entire study area, only 15 percent of the listings on Agoda are registered with the SLTDA.
- An overwhelming majority of the listings (81 percent) are from the low-priced category of accommodation providers.
- Sigiriya has the highest with 85 percent of all listings falling into the lower price range, followed by Dambulla (82 percent) and Habrana (72 percent).
- Among the listings mid- and higher-range accommodation is more prevalent in the Habrana area while Sigiriya has the lowest.
- It is thus very evident that the smaller informal sector depends heavily on OTAs for marketing of their properties.
- The entire success and boom of this informal sector is predominantly due to the presence of OTAs.
(References: SLRDA Annual Statistical Report 2016,SLTDA Accommodation Guide May to October 2017, https://www.cloudbeds.com/articles/analysis-of-major-online-travel-agencies-otas/)
(S.S. Miththapala, former President of the Tourist Hotels’ Association of Sri Lanka, can be contacted at srilal.mith@gmail.com and Sarah Tam, graduate student, University of Waterloo, Canada, can be contacted at sarah.tamhl@gmail.com)
