Just ahead of this year’s anniversary of the Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004, I visited the Tsunami Honganji Vihara site in Sri Lanka where upwards of 2,000 people died when their train was destroyed by the force of the waves.
Shortly after my visit, Sri Lanka was faced with an unusually large tropical cyclone that pummelled the capital of Colombo and caused extensive flooding, power failures and infrastructure damage.
And, a few thousand miles away, Bali’s highest volcano, Mount Agung, was threatening to erupt, causing considerable anxiety in Colombo that it could trigger another tsunami event of the same magnitude of the 2004 disaster.
Upon my return to the United States, I learned of the raging wildfires in California causing massive damages.
This year’s seemingly never-ending adverse weather events, exacerbated by climate change, along with adverse natural events such as earthquakes, are negatively impacting critical infrastructure globally. Some might describe 2017 as a global ‘annus horribilis’ for adverse ‘force majeure’ events.
Sobering cost estimates to infrastructure from natural disasters
The cumulative impacts of the Gulf and Caribbean hurricane season, Mexico earthquakes and events in Sri Lanka and Indonesia, led me to a discussion with David Dodd, President of the newly-affiliated International Resilience Centre (IRC) in New Orleans that is sponsored by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) PPP Centre of Excellence. IRC’s vision is to use the power of public-private partnerships (PPPs) to promote strategies that result in collaborative public-private sector collaboration to devise resilience strategies that are proactive and impactful.
David pointed out that (as of mid-December) there were 83 major natural and weather-related disasters worldwide in 2017. With a conservative cost estimate of US $ 15 billion per disaster (Hurricane Maria is projected to cost US $ 100 billion, Hurricanes Harvey and Irma are estimated at US $ 150 billion), the world has reached a cumulative estimated US $ 1.245 trillion in damages to infrastructure and property in 2017. This number represents more than 1.5 percent of projected 2017 global gross domestic product of US $ 79.3 trillion.
These statistics are sobering and with an apparent uptick in events—of greater and greater magnitude and increasing frequency—it is clear to me, natural disaster mitigation and recovery strategies currently being implemented by governments across the globe are unsustainable and fall short in their effectiveness.
We should find it difficult to understand why regions hit by Hurricanes Maria, Harvey and Irma, should still be struggling to recover and regain basic quality-of-life resources, such as safe drinking water and electricity with all the resources and innovation available today. Finances play a role in the delays in recovery efforts and this has resulted in many asking: who will pick up the tab to recover and rebuild?
At a recent workshop on coastal resilience, organised by the Wilson Centre in Washington D.C., it was noted that the insurance industry (both government and private sector players) is rapidly reaching an adverse weather event risk-aversion level that could lead to refusal to insure new infrastructure that does not accommodate resilience best practices. This possibility has serious implications for the funding and financing of future infrastructure. Unless addressed, governments will be unable to take on financial responsibility for ‘force majeure’ risk in the future if they occur more frequently.
Resilience best practices; need for proactive leadership, partnerships
If infrastructure continues to be damaged and destroyed due to repetitive mistakes that could be easily averted, the global community faces the reality that squandered opportunities will prevent us from reaching the Sustainable Development Goals. Do we want this to be our legacy?
Governments and the private sector must join together to develop proactive strategies that incorporate elements of holistic and comprehensive resilience best practices into the design, construction, financing and operations and maintenance of all future infrastructure projects—be they procured through traditional procurements or through innovative financing mechanisms such as PPPs.
The global architectural and engineering community has been actively calling for resilience best practices that include the following:
Robustness – building infrastructure that can withstand prescribed levels of stress and demand in the event of an adverse natural event.
Redundancy – requiring the inclusion of a measure of in-built sustainability that can withstand repeated adverse events and keep infrastructure functional during an event.
Resourcefulness (innovation) – developing institutional capacity to mobilize recovery and mitigation resources in the event of a major adverse weather event.
Rapidity – introducing measures that enhance the capacity to contain losses or prevent further degradation of infrastructure in a timely and efficient manner before, during and after an adverse natural event.
Applying these resiliency best practices will require motivation and commitment from visionary and responsible leaders in both the public and private sectors.
In addition to adopting best practices, through a process called future-proofing, we can anticipate future events and develop methods to mitigate their impacts to ensure infrastructure does not become prematurely obsolete and retains its longevity and financial sustainability, an important factor to attract investors.
The choice is ours, how many more ‘annus horribilis’ are we willing to accommodate? Let’s embrace innovation in 2018 to bring comprehensive commitment to building resilient infrastructure.
(David Baxter is a public-private partnership specialist and an advisor to the International Public-Private Partnership Resilience Centre (IPPPRC))
